The mysterious underground cities of Cappadocia, particularly Derinkuyu and Kaymaklı, are among the most fascinating historical sites in the region. These cities, carved into the rock, were used as hiding places during times of invasion and have a rich history dating back thousands of years.
Derinkuyu Underground City
History
Construction: Derinkuyu is the largest excavated underground city in Turkey. It is believed to have been built by the Phrygians in the 8th–7th centuries BCE and later expanded by early Christians.
Depth and Size: The city reaches depths of about 85 meters (279 feet) and could accommodate approximately 20,000 people, including their livestock and food stores.
Usage: It was used as a refuge during wars and invasions. The city includes living quarters, kitchens, stables, churches, storage rooms, wine cellars, and a missionary school.
Ventilation: The city has an intricate ventilation system with 52 ventilation shafts to ensure fresh air supply.
Features
Entrances: The city has multiple hidden entrances, and the passages could be sealed with large rolling stone doors.
Defense Mechanisms: The passages are narrow, allowing only one person to pass at a time, which made it easier to defend against invaders.
Communal Spaces: Communal kitchens, living areas, and religious rooms are spread throughout the city, indicating a well-organized and self-sufficient community.
Tours
Guided Tours: Many guided tours are available that provide detailed information about the history and structure of the city.
Self-Guided Tours: Visitors can explore the city on their own, but due to the complex and labyrinthine nature of the site, a guided tour is recommended for a fuller understanding.
Kaymaklı Underground City
History
Construction: Kaymaklı is one of the largest underground cities in Cappadocia and was first built during the Hittite era around the 18th century BCE and later expanded by early Christians.
Depth and Size: The city is about 40 meters (131 feet) deep and contains eight floors, of which four are open to the public.
Usage: Similar to Derinkuyu, Kaymaklı was used as a refuge during invasions and could house thousands of people along with their animals and supplies.
Features
Architecture: The city is characterized by its low and narrow tunnels, which lead to various rooms and communal areas.
Living Spaces: The rooms are organized around ventilation shafts and include living quarters, storage rooms, kitchens, wineries, and religious areas.
Security: The city has stone doors that could be rolled to block entrances and passages to prevent invaders from entering.
Tours
Guided Tours: Available and highly recommended to understand the historical significance and architectural ingenuity of the city.
Self-Guided Tours: Possible, but the presence of a guide helps in navigating and appreciating the complexities of the city.
Visiting Tips
Footwear: Wear comfortable shoes with good grip as the underground passages can be uneven and slippery.
Claustrophobia: Be aware that some passages are very narrow and low, which might be challenging for those with claustrophobia.
Lighting: The cities are dimly lit, so having a flashlight can be useful.
Weather: The temperature inside the cities remains cool throughout the year, so bringing a light jacket is advisable.
Conclusion
The underground cities of Derinkuyu and Kaymaklı offer a captivating glimpse into the ingenuity and resilience of ancient civilizations in Cappadocia. Whether you're a history enthusiast or simply curious about these subterranean marvels, visiting these cities provides a unique and unforgettable experience.
